(5)   Restructurings

During the year ended December 31, 2023, Sirius XM Holdings initiated measures to pursue greater efficiency and to realign its business and focus on strategic priorities. As part of these measures, Sirius XM Holdings reduced the size of its workforce by approximately 475 roles, or 8%, and recorded a charge of $34 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily related to severance and other related costs. Sirius XM Holdings also recorded impairments of $15 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily related to terminated software projects. In addition, Sirius XM Holdings vacated two of its leased locations and recorded impairments of $12 million to reduce the carrying value of the related right of use assets to their estimated fair value and accrued expenses of $3 million for which it will not recognize any future economic benefits during the year ended December 31, 2023. These charges were recorded to impairment, restructuring and acquisition costs, net of recoveries in the consolidated statements of operations.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, Sirius XM Holdings evaluated its office space needs and, as a result of such analyses, vacated certain office spaces. Sirius XM Holdings assessed the recoverability of the carrying value of the operating lease right of use assets related to these locations and recorded impairments of $16 million and $18 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, to reduce the carrying values of the operating lease right of use assets to their respective fair values. The fair values of the assets were determined using a discounted cash flow model based on Sirius XM Holdings management's assumptions regarding the ability to sublease the locations and the remaining term of the leases. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2022, Sirius XM Holdings wrote off $5 million of property and equipment located at the impaired office spaces and during the year ended December 31, 2021, Sirius XM Holdings accrued expenses of $6 million for which it will not recognize any future economic benefits and wrote off leasehold improvements of $1 million. These charges were recorded to impairment, restructuring and acquisition costs in the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Separately, during the year ended December 31, 2022, Sirius XM Holdings performed an analysis surrounding initiatives that it is no longer pursuing and recorded an impairment of $43 million associated with terminated software projects and an impairment of $6 million related to personnel severance. In addition, Sirius XM Holdings sold real estate as part of an evaluation of its property needs and recognized a $4 million gain on the sale during the year ended December 31, 2022. These costs and gain on the real estate sale are included in impairment, restructuring and acquisition costs, net of recoveries in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.